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Hakim Jamal
Hakim Abdullah Jamal (March 28, 1931 – May 1, 1973) was the name adopted by African-American activist Allen Donaldson, who was a cousin of Malcolm X and later became an associate of Michael X. Jamal wrote ''From the Dead Level'', a memoir of his life and memories of Malcolm X.
Jamal was romantically involved with several high-profile women, notably Jean Seberg, Diana Athill and Gale Benson. Jamal was shot dead in 1973 as a result of an internal dispute in the Black Power movement.
==Early life==
Donaldson was born in Roxbury, Boston, in 1931. His father was an alcoholic, and his mother abandoned him when he was 6. Donaldson started regularly drinking alcohol when he was aged 10 and became a heroin user at 14. In his early 20s he spent four years in prison.
Donaldson's violent temper led to his committal to a mental asylum, after two attempted murders. He later underwent a conversion to the teachings of the Nation of Islam and renamed himself Hakim Jamal. He became a spokesman for the movement and contributed articles to various newspapers promoting Black Power. After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, Jamal supported his decision and was outspoken in his criticism of Elijah Muhammad.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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